Magnesium Glycinate vs Citrate vs Oxide
One of the bigger things to have exploded onto the gut health scene (pun intended) since the book came out is… magnesium. Magnesium is actually an age-old remedy. We have always known that magnesium works on your bowels- heck, ask your grandparents, and they’ll tell you about taking chalky Milk of Magnesia for constipation when they were kids– but how does it work, and which forms are the most effective? I’ve ranked them all here, but read to the end to see my final answer!
Magnesium supplements are commonly used to relieve constipation because they attract water into the intestines, which helps soften stools and promote bowel movements by stimulating intestinal muscle contractions.
There are a lot of different formulations out there, including magnesium pills that have ALL the forms of magnesium. However, I think these “all-in-one” pills are more of a marketing ploy because, unlike my research on probiotics, more variety isn’t necessarily better. After all, the compounds do slightly different things depending on what elements they’re bound to. Individual formulations of magnesium have varying absorption rates and potential side effects.
When comparing the effectiveness of different magnesium formulations for constipation relief, the most effective forms are those with strong osmotic laxative properties, meaning they draw water into the intestines to soften stools and promote bowel movements. Below is a summary of each magnesium form, for your perusal, ranked based on their effectiveness for constipation:
1. Magnesium Citrate
- Description: Magnesium citrate is a combination of magnesium and citric acid. It is one of the most common forms used for constipation relief.
- Dosage:
- For adults: 240 mL (8 ounces) of magnesium citrate oral solution
- Start with lower doses to assess tolerance, such as 100 mL (4 ounces)
- Advantages:
- Highly bioavailable, meaning it is well absorbed by the body.
- Quick onset of action, typically within 30 minutes to 6 hours.
- Studies support its use for occasional constipation.
2. Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
- Description: Magnesium hydroxide is a liquid suspension or chewable tablet commonly known as “Milk of Magnesia.”
- Dosage:
- For adults: 15–60 mL (1–4 tablespoons) of oral liquid once daily, usually before bedtime.
- Advantages:
- Fast-acting, with effects typically within 30 minutes to 6 hours.
- Potent laxative effect, often used for short-term relief.
- Also relieves heartburn or indigestion.
- Recommended for occasional use, as frequent use may cause electrolyte imbalances.
3. Magnesium Oxide
- Description: Magnesium oxide is a non-chelated form of magnesium bound to oxygen. It is less soluble in water compared to other forms.
- Dosage:
- Typical dosage for constipation: 400–800 mg per day, divided into two doses.
- Often taken with water to enhance its laxative effect.
- Advantages:
- Widely available and relatively inexpensive.
- Good for those who need higher doses of magnesium.
- Disadvantages:
- Less bioavailable, so a larger dose may be needed for constipation relief (but you should be taking this for prevention, not relief)
4. Magnesium Glycinate
- Description: Magnesium glycinate is a chelated form of magnesium where magnesium is bound to glycine, an amino acid, which enhances absorption in the intestines.
- Dosage:
- 200–400 mg per day, divided into 1–2 doses.
- Higher doses (500–800 mg/day) may cause mild laxative effects
- Best taken with meals to improve absorption and reduce stomach discomfort.
- Advantages:
- Highly bioavailable but mostly absorbed into the bloodstream rather than staying in the intestines to draw water.
- Gentle on the stomach and less likely to cause diarrhea (like magnesium citrate, but that’s the whole point!)
- Glycine has a calming effect on the nervous system, making this form beneficial for sleep and anxiety.
- Disadvantages:
- Slow onset: Effects (if any) may take several days rather than immediate relief like magnesium citrate.
- Not typically used for constipation relief because it has minimal osmotic laxative effects compared to forms like magnesium citrate or hydroxide.
Better suited for magnesium deficiency, muscle relaxation, and stress relief rather than constipation relief.
5. Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salt)
- Description: Magnesium sulfate is commonly known as Epsom salt and is sometimes used orally as a laxative. (Yes, you can drink this stuff?!)
- Dosage:
- Adults: 2–6 teaspoons (10–30 grams) of Epsom salt dissolved in 8 ounces of water, taken once
- Advantages:
- Potent laxative effect- can provide rapid relief, by working within 1-4 hours
- Also used topically in baths for muscle relaxation and pain relief.
- Disadvantages:
- May cause severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
- Risk of magnesium toxicity, especially with overuse or in people with impaired kidney function.
6. Magnesium Lactate and Magnesium Gluconate
- Description: Magnesium lactate and magnesium gluconate are other forms that are often used for general magnesium supplementation rather than for constipation.
- Dosage:
- Dosage range for general use is 240–480 mg daily.
- Advantages:
- These forms are gentle on the digestive system and have good bioavailability.
- Fewer side effects compared to other forms.
In my mind, the most effective for long-term constipation PREVENTION is going to be magnesium oxide, 400mg once or twice daily. If you have been constipated for a few days and need to go to the bathroom, I’d choose magnesium citrate, which we sometimes use as a bowel prep for colonoscopy or surgery. The chalkier milk of magnesia is an option for people who only want to take a tablespoon of something rather than 8oz of magnesium citrate. Though I will say, magnesium citrate also exists as a gummy, Natural Calm, of which I was an early adopter as it also works well for sleep and muscle relaxation. Magnesium glycinate is a popular ‘newer’ alternative with a lot of good press. I think it is a good 2nd line to the more clinically proven magnesium oxide.
Although magnesium is a natural supplement, everyone should check with their healthcare provider before starting a supplement because people with kidney problems or who are prone to electrolyte imbalances can get magnesium toxicity. Severe diarrhea and abdominal pain is common with too high doses.
If you enjoyed reading about magnesium glycinate vs citrate vs oxide in regards to your digestive health
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References
- Cash, B. D., & McAdams, J. (2020). “Magnesium for Constipation Treatment: A Review.” American Journal of Gastroenterology.
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements, “Magnesium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.”
- University of Maryland Medical Center, “Magnesium.”
- Schiller, L. R. (2015). “Diarrhea and Constipation: Advances in Management.” Gastroenterology & Hepatology.
- Müller-Lissner, S. A. (2010). “Effect of Magnesium Salts on Intestinal Motility and Fluid Retention.” World Journal of Gastroenterology.
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements. “Magnesium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.”